Friedrich Merz introduced the Leitkultur concept in Germany, emphasizing immigrants conforming to the 'liberal German leading culture' reflecting key values like equality.
The term Leitkultur was criticized by left-wing politicians as promoting assimilation echoing right-wing ideologies, while it was incorporated into the CDU and CSU party programs.
Bassam Tibi proposed the idea of European Leitkultur in 1998, focusing on values like human rights and tolerance, while Norbert Lammert later expanded it to a European context rooted in common history and traditions.
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